The GM LKT is a 1,364 cc, inline‑three turbocharged petrol engine produced between 2013 and 2017. It features a dual overhead camshaft (DOHC) design with variable valve timing (VVT) and direct fuel injection, delivering 103 kW (140 PS) and 200 Nm of torque. Its compact, lightweight aluminum construction prioritizes efficiency for urban mobility.
Fitted to premium compact models such as the Opel/Vauxhall Adam S and Cascada, the LKT was engineered for agile city driving a…
All LKT engines meet US EPA Tier 2 Bin 5 emissions standards (EPA Certificate of Conformity #A-69-13). No Euro standard compliance applies as it was not offered in European markets.
The GM LKT is a 1,364 cc inline‑three turbocharged petrol engine engineered for supermini and convertible models (2013-2017). It combines direct fuel injection with a small turbocharger to deliver responsive low-end torque and excellent fuel economy. Designed to meet US EPA Tier 2 standards, it balances urban agility with regulatory compliance.
| Parameter | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
Displacement | 1,364 cc | |
Fuel type | Petrol | |
Configuration | Inline‑3, DOHC, 12‑valve | |
Aspiration | Turbocharged | |
Bore × stroke | 74.0 mm × 80.0 mm | |
Power output | 103 kW (140 PS) @ 4,900 rpm | |
Torque | 200 Nm @ 1,850–4,900 rpm | |
Fuel system | Direct injection (SIDI) | |
Emissions standard | US EPA Tier 2 Bin 5 | |
Compression ratio | 10.0:1 | |
Cooling system | Water‑cooled | |
Turbocharger | Single-scroll turbo (Honeywell) | |
Timing system | Chain-driven | |
Oil type | Refer to vehicle handbook / manufacturer specification | |
Dry weight | 95 kg |
The GM LKT was used across GM's Global Gamma platform with transverse mounting. This engine received no major platform-specific adaptations within its production run. All applications are documented in OEM service manuals.
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The LKT's primary reliability risk is turbocharger wastegate actuator failure, with a documented incidence in early production vehicles. GM's own service data and bulletin 13456C confirm this was a component-related issue. Vehicles subjected to frequent aggressive driving or high boost levels are at greater risk, making adherence to conservative driving habits beneficial.
Analysis derived from GM technical bulletins (2013-2017) and NHTSA investigation data. Repair procedures should follow manufacturer guidelines.
The most common questions about engine codes, what they mean, how to find them and how this database works
The LKT is an efficient and peppy engine, but its long-term reliability hinges on addressing the known wastegate actuator issue. Once the updated actuator is installed, the engine's core is robust. Strict adherence to the oil change schedule using Dexos1 oil and using high-quality, Top Tier gasoline is paramount for longevity, as is periodic intake valve cleaning.
The most common and critical problem is turbocharger wastegate actuator failure. Other frequent issues include intake valve carbon buildup, timing chain tensioner wear, and high-pressure fuel pump failure. These are extensively documented in GM service bulletins and owner reports.
The LKT was used in GM's compact European and North American lineup from 2013 to 2017. This includes the Opel/Vauxhall Adam S, Opel/Vauxhall Cascada, and the Buick Verano. It was not used in larger SUVs or trucks.
Yes, the LKT responds well to tuning. An ECU remap (‘tune’) is the most common modification, often yielding significant power and torque gains (+30-50+ HP) without hardware changes. Supporting mods like an upgraded intercooler, intake, and downpipe are recommended for higher power levels to ensure reliability and manage heat.
Fuel economy is excellent for a turbocharged engine. Expect around 32-36 mpg (US) in combined city/highway driving for a Buick Verano. Highway cruising can yield 40-44 mpg (US), while city driving will be lower, around 26-28 mpg (US). The Adam S and Cascada will have similar figures.
Yes. The LKT is an interference engine. This means that if the timing chain were to fail or jump, the pistons and valves would collide, causing catastrophic internal engine damage. This makes addressing the tensioner issue promptly very important.
GM mandates the use of Dexos1 specification oil, typically in a 5W-30 viscosity. This oil is specifically formulated for GM's turbocharged, direct-injection engines. Using the correct oil and changing it at the recommended intervals (every 7,500 miles) is critical for engine health, especially for the timing chain system.
Comprehensive technical documentation and regulatory references
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Regulatory Stability
EU regulations are referenced using CELEX identifiers for long-term stability.
EUR-Lex
EU emissions and type-approval regulations (e.g., CELEX:32007R0715, CELEX:32017R1151).
GOV.UK: Vehicle Approval & V5C
UK vehicle approval processes, import rules, and MoT guidance.
DVLA: Engine Changes & MoT
Official guidance on engine swaps and inspection implications.
Vehicle Certification Agency (VCA)
UK type-approval authority for automotive products.
Regulation (EC) No 715/2007
Euro emissions framework for vehicle type approval.
Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/1151
WLTP and RDE testing procedures for emissions certification.
GOV.UK: Vehicle Approval
UK compliance and certification requirements for imported and modified vehicles.
VCA Certification Portal
Type-approval guidance and documentation.
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